{"id":56568,"date":"2015-09-24T01:59:24","date_gmt":"2015-09-23T23:59:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clinicadeansiedad.com\/uncategorized-ca\/la-negacion\/"},"modified":"2024-02-19T12:56:37","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T12:56:37","slug":"la-negacion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/clinicadeansiedad.com\/ca\/de-malament-a-pitjor\/otros-errores\/la-negacion\/","title":{"rendered":"La negaci\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"

La negaci\u00f3 consisteix a invalidar una part d\u2019informaci\u00f3 desagradable o no desitjada i a viure la pr\u00f2pia vida com si aquella part no exist\u00eds<\/span>. \u00c9s un mecanisme de defensa que els psicoanalistes relacionen, fonamentalment, amb la depressi\u00f3, per\u00f2 \u00e9s apreciable en altres patologies, entre elles l\u2019ansietat, i en la vida quotidiana. La negativa persistent a veure\u2019s influ\u00eft per les evid\u00e8ncies de la realitat tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s un indicatiu que el mecanisme de la negaci\u00f3 est\u00e0 funcionant. La negaci\u00f3 en el context de la malaltia no es considera efectiva, ja que l\u2019individu deixa de desenvolupar un afrontament apropiat (per exemple, buscar atenci\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Janis (1958) en un dels treballs sobre els \u00abprocessos de preocupaci\u00f3\u00bb centre la seva investigaci\u00f3 en el fet que les persones que utilitzen la negaci\u00f3 (tamb\u00e9 l\u2019evitaci\u00f3) com a forma d\u2019afrontament, experimenten m\u00e9s alleujament emocional en la primera situaci\u00f3 amena\u00e7adora, per\u00f2 paguen per aix\u00f2, i manifesten una vulnerabilitat continuada en les situacions seg\u00fcents. D\u2019altra banda, la gent que fa front a l\u2019amena\u00e7a de manera vigilant, resulta m\u00e9s afectada al principi, per\u00f2 en les vegades posteriors, experimenta menys trastorn, ja que est\u00e0 m\u00e9s preparada per dominar les demandes de la situaci\u00f3. En els estudis de Janis, els pacients que mostraven poc o cap aprensi\u00f3 abans d\u2019una intervenci\u00f3 quir\u00fargica, van presentar m\u00e9s trastorns postoperatoris que els pacients que havien mostrat un grau normal de vigil\u00e0ncia i ansietat abans de ser intervinguts.<\/p>\n

Wolf i col\u00b7laboradors (1964) van provar que els pares de nens leuc\u00e8mics que es defensaven de la dolorosa realitat per mitj\u00e0 de mecanismes psicol\u00f2gics de negaci\u00f3 excretaven menys 17-OCHS que els pares que assumien els fets tal com eren.<\/p>\n

Breznitz (1983), que ha realitzat un estudi extens sobre la negaci\u00f3 i els processos d\u2019afrontament que la integren, assenyala que l\u2019\u00fas de qualsevol forma de negaci\u00f3 implica la falta d\u2019esperan\u00e7a per poder canviar la situaci\u00f3 objectiva<\/span>. En aquest sentit, la teoria de la indefensi\u00f3 apresa (Seligman 1975) ha servit per posar en evid\u00e8ncia els efectes m\u00faltiples del frac\u00e0s adaptatiu.<\/p>\n

Watzlawick, Weakland i Fisch (1974), que han estudiat la negaci\u00f3 sobretot en l\u2019\u00e0mbit de la ter\u00e0pia familiar, hi fan refer\u00e8ncia en els termes seg\u00fcents: \u00abuna manera d\u2019abordar de manera err\u00f2nia un problema resideix a comportar-se com si aquest problema no exist\u00eds, \u00e9s a dir, aplicar com a soluci\u00f3 la negaci\u00f3 del problema<\/span>.\u00bb D\u2019aqu\u00ed se\u2019n deriven dues conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1.  el reconeixement del problema \u00e9s considerat com a manifestaci\u00f3 de bogeria o maldat<\/span><\/li>\n
  2.  el problema que exigeix canvi es complica de manera creixent pels problemes creats per la manera err\u00f2nia d\u2019abordar-lo<\/span> (p. 68)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Marks (1987), per la seva banda, assenyala que la negaci\u00f3 pot ser un obstacle perqu\u00e8 l\u2019exposici\u00f3 funcioni<\/span>: hi ha multituds de portes (la negaci\u00f3 entre elles) que impedeixen que les experi\u00e8ncies desagradables es facin conscients. Aquestes portes ens protegeixen d\u2019una possible sobrec\u00e0rrega i ens permeten seguir funcionant tot mantenint l\u2019activaci\u00f3 en uns nivells que energitzen m\u00e9s que no pas paralitzen. Perqu\u00e8 l\u2019exposici\u00f3 funcioni, la majoria d\u2019aquestes portes s\u2019han d\u2019obrir, de manera que l\u2019experi\u00e8ncia de por sobrepassi totes les nostres defenses i, aix\u00ed, faci possible la consci\u00e8ncia de l\u2019emoci\u00f3, el seu processament i, a partir de cert punt, la seva habituaci\u00f3. Els resultats experimentals comencen a donar suport a la idea que la implicaci\u00f3 en l\u2019exposici\u00f3 \u00e9s millor que la dissociaci\u00f3 durant l\u2019exposici\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    En resum, la negaci\u00f3, com tantes altres estrat\u00e8gies d\u2019afrontament, no es pot qualificar com a inherentment bona o dolenta<\/span>. S\u2019ha de tenir en compte el context i, sobretot, desenvolupar principis que especifiquin les condicions sota les quals els processos de negaci\u00f3 poden tenir conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies favorables o desfavorables. Lazarus i Folkman (1984) ofereixen les consideracions seg\u00fcents:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. quan no hi ha res constructiu que es pugui fer<\/span> per v\u00e8ncer el mal o l\u2019amena\u00e7a; \u00e9s a dir, quan no hi ha una acci\u00f3 directa important, els processos de negaci\u00f3 contenen el potencial necessari per alleujar el grau de trastorn produ\u00eft per la situaci\u00f3<\/span>, sense alterar el funcionament de l\u2019individu o produir danys addicionals.<\/li>\n
    2. la negaci\u00f3 pot ser adaptativa pel que fa a determinats aspectes de la situaci\u00f3<\/span>, per\u00f2 no totalment. Els pacients que pateixen diabetis poden negar la gravetat de la situaci\u00f3 sempre que continu\u00efn atents a la dieta, al nivell d\u2018activitat i a la dosis d\u2019insulina.<\/li>\n
    3. Miller (1980) assenyala que en situacions subjectes a canvi \u2013\u00e9s a dir, que passin d\u2019incontrolables a controlables\u2013, l\u2019estrat\u00e8gia \u00f2ptima pot ser aquella que redueixi l\u2019activaci\u00f3 sense impedir per complet el processament de la informaci\u00f3 externa que fa refer\u00e8ncia a l\u2019amena\u00e7a<\/span>. Malgrat aix\u00f2, en les situacions cr\u00f2nicament incontrolables, l\u2019estrat\u00e8gia escollida pot ser aquella que redueixi de manera efectiva tant el nivell d\u2019arousal<\/em> com el processament concomitant de la informaci\u00f3 captada de l\u2019entorn.<\/li>\n
    4. La cronologia de la negaci\u00f3 com a proc\u00e9s d\u2019afrontament pot ser una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 d\u2019import\u00e0ncia. La negaci\u00f3 pot resultar menys perjudicial i m\u00e9s efectiva en les primeres fases d\u2019una crisi<\/span>, per exemple, en una malaltia s\u00fabdita, en una incapacitaci\u00f3 o en la p\u00e8rdua d\u2019un ser estimat; \u00e9s a dir, quan la situaci\u00f3 ja no es pot afrontar totalment, sin\u00f3 en les fases posteriors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3<\/b><\/p>\n

      BREZNITZ, S. (Ed.) (1983). The denial of stress. Nueva York: International Universities Press.<\/p>\n

      JANIS, I. L. (1958). Psychological Stress: Psychoanalytic and behavioral studies of surgical patients. Nueva York. Wiley.<\/p>\n

      LAZARUS, R. S., y FOLKMAN, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. Nueva York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Ed. Espa\u00f1ola (1986): Estr\u00e9s y procesos cognitivos. Barcelona: Mart\u00ednez Roca, S. A.<\/p>\n

      MARKS, I. M. (1987). Fears, phobias, and rituals. Oxford University Press, Inc. Ed. Espa\u00f1ola (1991): Miedos, fobias y rituales. 1. Los mecanismos de la ansiedad. Barcelona: Mart\u00ednez Roca, S. A.<\/p>\n

      MARKS, I. M. (1987). Fears, phobias, and rituals. Oxford University Press, Inc. Ed. Espa\u00f1ola (1991): Miedos, fobias y rituales. 2. Cl\u00ednica y tratamientos. Barcelona: Mart\u00ednez Roca, S. A.<\/p>\n

      MILLER, S. M. (1980). When is a little information a dangerous thing? Coping with stressful events by monitoring vs. Blunting. En S. Levine y H. Ursin \/Eds.). Coping and health. Nueva York: Plenum.<\/p>\n

      SELIGMAN, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Traducci\u00f3n (1981): Indefensi\u00f3n. En la depresi\u00f3n, el desarrollo y la muerte. Madrid: Debate.<\/p>\n

      WATZLAWICK, P., WEAKLAND, J. H., y FISCH, R. (1974). Change, Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution. Nueva York: W. W. Norton, Inc. Ed. Espa\u00f1ola (1976): Cambio. Formaci\u00f3n y soluci\u00f3n de los problemas humanos. Barcelona: Herder, S. A.<\/p>\n

      __________
      \nFont<\/span>: Baeza Villarroel, J.C. Cl\u00ednica de l’Ansietat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      La negaci\u00f3 consisteix a invalidar una part d\u2019informaci\u00f3 desagradable o no desitjada i a viure la pr\u00f2pia vida com si aquella part no exist\u00eds. La negaci\u00f3 en el context de la malaltia no es considera efectiva, ja que l\u2019individu deixa de desenvolupar un afrontament apropiat (per exemple, buscar atenci\u00f3 necess\u00e0ria).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3439,"featured_media":56558,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[101],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-otros-errores"],"yoast_head":"\nLa negaci\u00f3 - Cl\u00ednica de la Ansiedad<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/clinicadeansiedad.com\/ca\/de-malament-a-pitjor\/otros-errores\/la-negacion\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La negaci\u00f3 - Cl\u00ednica de la Ansiedad\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La negaci\u00f3 consisteix a invalidar una part d\u2019informaci\u00f3 desagradable o no desitjada i a viure la pr\u00f2pia vida com si aquella part no exist\u00eds. 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